Problem While the severity of gambling메이저사이트 is an important factor to consider in establishing the impact of a particular activity, overall psychological distress is also important.
Several studies have shown that reduced mental health and psychological distress predict a higher severity of problem gambling [2, 44]. One study in Australia suggested that land-based gamblers reported greater psychological distress than internet-based gamblers [29] and that there could be covariates associated with distress in addition to the experience of the problem. Although gambling disorders are highly coexisting with other mental disorders [4, 45, 46], most studies have not observed the direction of causality. Therefore, it is important to consider the inherent relationship between psychological distress and participation in a particular gambling activity and a particular mode of access.
Purpose of this study
This study aimed to investigate the association between problem gambling severity and gambling frequency on psychological distress to understand the unique contribution of specific gambling activities to these mental health issues. Based on prior literature, we hypothesized that the frequency of involvement in various online and land-based gambling activities positively correlates with both the severity of problematic gambling메이저사이트 and psychological distress.
Problems
Considering the existing literature suggesting that the use of EGM is associated with gambling problems, the second hypothesis was that involvement in onshore and online EGM would be positively correlated with the severity of problem gambling. We conducted multiple regression to explore the inherent relationship between the frequency of participation by each gambling activity modality (online and land-based), 1) severity of problem gambling, and 2) psychological distress, and we also investigated all demographic predictors. The participants must be at least 18 years old, have good internet access, and understand English well.
Participation
Participants were recruited from a database of research participants held by the market research company Qualtrics. The entire panel and survey response rate were not provided to the survey team. The survey was completed between March 30 and April 5, 2017. After removing participants who completed two online surveys, 998 (99.7%) participants were retained for further analysis (Table 1). All participants provided informed consent electronically. The ethical approval of the study was conducted by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Sydney.
Survey
The survey includes standard demographic details (age, gender, household income, etc.), online and onshore gambling behavior, attitudes toward online gambling sites, motivation for online gambling, the severity of problem gambling, and psychological harm. An earlier paper from this dataset focuses on e-sports as a form of gambling newly introduced in Australia [48, 49]. This exploratory analysis took advantage of demographic measurements, online and venue gambling frequency measurements, the severity of problem gambling, and psychological distress. In addition, other research items (e.g., recognition of the merits and demerits of gambling sites with or without an Australian license) were designed to answer different research topics from those covered in this paper, so the analysis was limited to these variables.
Participants were asked how often they gambled online with real money in lottery, EGM, sports betting, e-sports betting, race betting, poker, casino card/table games and other activity types in the past four weeks. For each activity type, participants could indicate whether they have gambled in the activity. Four: “Not in the past four weeks” (1), “At least once in the past four weeks” (2), “At least once a week” (3), and “At least once a day” (4). Seniority Co
